descriptive representation pros and cons
Martin, J. R. (1994). Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. In K. Ross (Ed. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Oxford: Oxford University Press. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. 2. (1993). Why democracy? PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. See below. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Goodin, R. 2004. Walby, S. (2011). One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. 3. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. Horizontal Communication Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. Signs, 19(3), 630657. The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, (1998). Roemer, J. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. New York: Oxford University Press. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? blurted this. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. #1) Waterfall Model. Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. For minorities, America is not the land of the free. Caption. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Weldon, L. S. (2002). Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Pros of Representative Democracy. Guinier, L. (1994). Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. The rise of the unelected. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. The concept of representation. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Towards a European union gender equality index. New York: Oxford University Press. Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Princeton: Princeton University Press. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. While - Volume 55 Issue 2. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. There are many different types of data presentation. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Nussbaum, M. (1999). The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Get full access to this article. Young, I. M. (1994). Princeton: Princeton University Press. In our current system, voters are given one vote to . These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Mart, J. L. (2006). The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. Toggle navigation. 2. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. Volume 52, Issue 3. Lovenduski, J. People still have a voice. In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. Princeton: Princeton University Press. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. Democratic legitimacy. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . (1982). In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Pros. (2004). An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. (2005). The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. That's pretty straightforward. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. Habermas, J. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Palgrave Macmillan, London. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. . Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Mansbridge, J. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Sound bar - Pros and Cons. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Letters can be written to their representatives. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. (2005b). In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. to the people they represent. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. both quantitative and qualitative research. Citing Literature. Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Democracy and disagreement. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. Cornell, D. (1998). Advantage. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Sawer, M. (2002). Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Wngnerud, L. (2009). Christiano, T. (2012). Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? Should representatives be typical of their constituents? Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Lexington: D. C. Heath. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Holst, C. (2010). This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. Kymlicka, W. (1993). Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Youve probably heard readers make that comment. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. 1. Sex and social justice. 2. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment so that you can track your progress. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. Estlund, D. (2008). The politics of presence. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) Williams, M. S. (1998). 1. London: Routledge. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. . With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. Affordable. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. New York: Palgrave. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. Holst, C. (2014). 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. Grofman, B. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. New York: Colombia University Press. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access.