according to miller, what caused the witch hunts?

. Written in the early 1950s, Arthur Miller's play "The Crucible" takes place in Salem, Massachusetts, during the 1692 Salem witch trials . Millers play helps one understand what the Salem Witch Trials did to peoples emotions and mentalities. Throughout the past ten years social media has rocketed with hashtags and live protests in order to promote the current social-issues that have been overlooked. The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, takes place in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 and recounts one such witch hunt. The play is set in Puritan Society in the late 1600s in Salem, where most people are devout Christians and hold a strong belief of both God and the Devil. Because of the continuity of witch trials with those for heresy, it is impossible to say when the first witch trial occurred. Salem is an early example of what Miller saw around him and personally experienced in the 1950sthe communist witch hunts conducted by Senator Joseph McCarthy. A bizarre set of accusations, including the sacrifice of children, was made by the Syrians against the Jews in Hellenistic Syria in the 2nd century bce. why did the witch-hunts occur? What took place in Western society to allow for the popularity of the Malleus, and for such a drastic shift in attitude towards the very existence of witchcraft? Witch trials continued through the 14th and early 15th centuries, but with great inconsistency according to time and place. Miller's extensive stage directions suggest several reasons why the Witch Trials had to take place in Salem. []. Miller wrote. This is also the place Arthur Miller has written about in his book The Crucible. Thus creating the different movements to bring awareness to the situations and hope that the citizens will work to change and or stop these homicides from happening. Drawing on research on the witch trials he had conducted while an undergraduate, Miller composed The Crucible in the early 1950s. As a result of such ideas, by the late 15th century, witches were considered as followers of the Devil. That John Proctor the sinner might overturn his paralyzing personal guilt and become the most forthright voice against the madness around him was a reassurance to me, and, I suppose, an inspiration: it demonstrated that a clear moral outcry could still spring even from an ambiguously unblemished soul. In the writing of Arthur Miller he chose to place the focus of the book around the witch trials that took place in Salem in the 1400s. Witch trials were equally common in ecclesiastical and secular courts before 1550, and then, as the power of the state increased, they took place more often in secular ones. What was it about the time period that made such hysteria, and ultimately tragedy, possible. One of these women was Tituba, who was there at the. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Fear, hatred, guilt, jealousy, pain, grief, confusion, lust, and hunger are all feelings with one thing in common: They were the driving force that caused a witch-hunt amongst early modern Europeans. In the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the weak people are taunted by the stronger people to give in to admitting to witchcraft. He mentions that, firstly, the witch-hunts developed from what he names a 'paradox.' The overwhelming majority of processes, however, went no farther than the rumour stage, for actually accusing someone of witchcraft was a dangerous and expensive business. She confessed to witchcraft and accused others. However, Spain did witness one of the largest witch trials on record. In the 11th century attitudes toward witchcraft and sorcery began to change, a process that would radically transform the Western perception of witchcraft and associate it with heresy and the Devil. A fire, a fire is burning! With tensions running high, many turned to inculcate the more vulnerable members of society. Most Americans knowledge of the seventeenth century comes from heavily mythologized events: the first Thanksgiving at Plymouth, Pocahontas purportedly saving Captain John Smith from execution in early Virginia, and the Salem witch trials of 1692. Upon these people, the blame could be laid for all hardships endured by Puritan society. Biography of Elizabeth Parris, Accuser in the Salem Witch Trials, A Brief History of the Salem Witchcraft Trials, Biography of Rebecca Nurse, Victim of the Salem Witch Trials, Profile of Elizabeth How, Persecuted Salem Witch, Rev. Rev. It would, over time, grow to be synonymous with mass hysteria, panic, and paranoia, referenced by those who believe themselves to be victims of unjust persecution; Salem. The early modern period was a time of calamity, plagues, and wars, while fear and uncertainty were rife. The decline of witch hunts, like their origins, was gradual. In this text, the year is 1692 and the witch trials have diminished and are almost over in Europe. Scrutiny of Miller's historical sources, which include biographies of key players (the accused and the accusers) and primary source transcripts of the Salem witch trials themselvesgive students a chance to trace the events embellished in the play back to historical Salem. She is a tour guide in Glasnevin Cemetery Museum, a popular historical site in Dublin, and a published fiction and non-fiction writer. Its origin lies in the establishment of a theocracy by the inhabitants of Salem, which combined state and religious power. The witch executions occurred in the early modern period, the time in Western history when capital punishment and torture were most widespread. Whereas womens sexuality has long since been tied to the idea of personal hysteria, Miller updated that by singling out womens desire for love and sex as a direct cause of mass hysteria. What do the characters in the play believe about witches? The story of that peripheral village is one that has lodged itself into the cultural mindset of people everywhere as a cautionary tale against the dangers of extremism, groupthink, and false accusations, perhaps calling to mind Arthur Millers The Crucible or Cold War era McCarthyism. Part of their belief system was awareness for anything "evil". "What are the reasons Miller gives for the Salem witch hunts?" The Salem witch trials end up being a crucible, that is, a time of great testing and purifying, for the townspeople. Why might their age make them particularly susceptible to accusations of strange behavior? The myths surrounding what happened in Salem make the true story that much more difficult to uncover. In act 4 of The Crucible, why does John Proctor decide to confess but refuse to sign a written confession? In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, what does the author mean by his statement that "the Salem tragedy developed from a paradox". The play is about human weakness, hypocrisy, and vindictiveness. In Salem people were afraid of not appearing christian enough, meanwhile during the 50s Americans feared of being accused of communism. The "parochial snobbery" as well as a "predilection for minding. By the late 16th century, many prosperous and professional people in western Europe were accused, so that the leaders of society began to have a personal interest in checking the hunts. Across New England, where witch trials occurred somewhat regularly from 1638 until 1725, women vastly outnumbered men in the ranks of the accused and executed. all rights reserved, History U: Courses for High School Students, Cotton Mathers account of the Salem witch trials, 1693, Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society. Secondly, Miller states that 'The witch-hunt was a perverse manifestation of the panic which set in among all classes when the balance began to turn toward greater individual freedom.' In both The Crucible and in modern day witch hunts, witch hunts are caused out of fear or for personal gain. The Black Death: Europes Deadliest Pandemic in Human History. Witch Hunts In Arthur Miller's The Crucible. Tituba herself is hardly mentioned in the records after her initial arrest, examination, and confession. The witch trials offer a window into the anxieties and social tensions that accompanied New Englands increasing integration into the Atlantic economy. Society was undeniably affected by witch hunts, as people did everything in their power to either free themselves from blame or accuse someone else. Some may say it was just a part of war; however, it's much more than that. In act 4 of The Crucible, it is revealed that Abigail Williams has run away from Salem, but her motives are never discussed. According to Cotton Mather, what are the immediate and long-term goals of the Devil? ", Latest answer posted October 02, 2020 at 10:46:39 AM. People such as John Proctor, Giles and Martha Corey, and Rebecca Nurse epitomize this desire for individuality. Tens of thousands of supposed witches mostly womenwere executed. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/tituba-salem-witch-trials-3530572. It used to be that women were only madthemselvesbecause of their lusts. Under the rules of the colony, similar to rules in England, even someone found innocent had to pay for expenses incurred to imprison and feed them before they could be released. Yet, following the Protestant Reformation, such persecution was widespread. Arthur Miller's . Miller echoes many of McCarthys ideas such as a war between two ideologies, a letter of names, and a society destroyed by enemies from within. How does he describe the witch-hunts. No wonder the term witch hunt has entered common political parlance to describe such campaigns as that of the late Sen. Joseph McCarthy in his attempt to root out communists in the United States in the 1950s. The playwright sets that story as the catalyst for a larger, quite literal witch hunt, stoked into a frenzy by a mostly unprovoked confession of witchcraft spoken by a fantastically-minded woman of color whos been practicing sexy voodoo in the woods with the girls of Salem. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. Presumably, whoever paid the fine had become Tituba's enslaver. The inevitable need for a scapegoat, for someone to hold accountable for misfortune, seems to be ingrained in the human psyche. As students examine historical materials with an eye to their dramatic potential, they also explore the psychological and sociological questions that so fascinated Miller: Aligns withCCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.8- Evaluate an author's premises, claims, and evidence by corroborating or challenging them with other information. In that examination, Tituba confessed, naming both Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good as witches and describing their spectral movements, including meeting with the devil. In 20th Century America, it all started when a playwright named Arthur Miller had an affair with a Hollywood actress named Marilyn Monroe. Describe a relatively recent historical event that resembles the situation that unfolded in Salem. If witchcraft existed, as people believed it did, then it was an absolute necessity to extirpate it before it destroyed the world. Mather and his fellow New Englanders believed that God directly intervened in the establishment of the colonies and that the New World was formerly the Devils territory. The Salem witch trials and McCarthyism have an uncanny relation to one another. In the Near Eastin ancient Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan, and Palestinebelief in the existence of evil spirits was universal, so that both religion and magic were thought to be needed to appease, offer protection from, or manipulate these spirits. Which is how we get to guys like Liam Neeson, Woody Allen, and today, Alec Baldwin, as well as women like Mika Brzezinski and Wendy Williams bending over backwards to find reasons not to believe the women coming forward about the harassment and assault theyve experienced. Local courts were more credulous and therefore more likely to be strict and even violent in their treatment of supposed witches than were regional or superior courts. Scholars have attempted to answer these questions with a variety of economic and physiological theories. Again, the so-called witches made for the perfect scapegoats. The so-called 'confessions' by many of the accusers were an effort for them to purge themselves, as it were, of sin and thus find redemption. However, many were guilty of caving into their own weaknesses and only feared to be caught in their acts of hypocrisy. Latest answer posted December 16, 2019 at 7:31:02 AM. While she was imprisoned, two others accused her of being one of two or three women whose specters they'd seen flying. To support my other endeavors, go here; http://patreon.com/teampomonok. Sarah Good claimed her innocence but implicated Tituba and Osborne. Tituba would not likely have been directly involved in the growing church conflict involving Rev. Witch hunts primarily target women and exploit India's caste system and culture of patriarchy. While people were being falsely accused of witchery without definite facts. Torture was not allowed in witch cases in Italy or Spain, but where used it often led to convictions and the identification of supposed accomplices. Weakness, hypocrisy, vindictiveness: only few of the many words that describe the guilty desires and revenge that lingered among the town of Salem. The latter was the greatest evil of the system, for a victim might be forced to name acquaintances, who were in turn coerced into naming others, creating a long chain of accusations. In his telling, witch hunts are perpetrated by the marginalized rather than upon them, since, when sex is involved, women are inclined toward group-malice, sexual irrationality, and wholesale. Tituba was among the first three people accused of being a witch during the Salem witch trials of 1692. Arrest warrants were also issued for Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne. Through works of literature such as the Malleus, witches were broadly blamed for the effects of the Little Ice Age, thus becoming a scapegoat across the Western world. In Spain, Portugal, and southern Italy, witch prosecutions seldom occurred, and executions were very rare. This tendency to believe in the certainty of one's convictions as well as the belief that their practices of exclusion were justified among the cultural conditions of Salem. from University of the Western Cape, South Africa. The drastic effects of the Little Ice Age reached a height between 1560 and 1650, which happened to be the same period in which the number of European witch hunts reached their height. Along with this older tradition, attitudes toward witches and the witch hunts of the 14th18th centuries stemmed from a long history of the churchs theological and legal attacks on heretics. Miller argues that the fundamental nature of Salem's construction made it a community where the Witch Trials were inevitable. Classical authors such as Aeschylus, Horace, and Virgil described sorceresses, ghosts, furies, and harpies with hideous pale faces and crazed hair; clothed in rotting garments, they met at night and sacrificed both animals and humans. The most common suspicions concerned livestock, crops, storms, disease, property and inheritance, sexual dysfunction or rivalry, family feuds, marital discord, stepparents, sibling rivalries, and local politics. Another Information that imparted Arthur Miller . . The visible role played by women in some heresies during this period may have contributed to the stereotype of the witch as female. Over seventy people were implicated as part of the North Berwick trials and seven years later King James came to write Daemonologie. Become a subscriber and support the site! In The Crucible, what message is Arthur Miller trying to get across to the reader? Rather, recollecting others with distasteful memories such as witchcraft. A witch hunt is surprisingly efficient in dealing with all offenders because once the movement gains momentum, people are accused left and right for many reasons, such as protecting . In other words, there was how things actually happened during the Salem Witch Trials, and there was how Miller wrote about them, taking lots of liberties to tell this story through a prism that made sense to him. Very few accusations went beyond the village level. According to a theory posited by economists Leeson and Russ, churches across Europe sought to prove their strength and orthodoxy by relentlessly pursuing witches, demonstrating their prowess against the Devil and his followers. Many social and religious factors triggered . In the article Fighting Modern-Day Witch Hunts In Indias Remote Northeast by Vikram Singh, who works for the New York Times, she, In Arthur Millers The Crucible, he shows a mass hysteria that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Why did Arthur Miller name his play "The Crucible"? It is nearly impossible to determine a correct estimate of how many people were tried and executed for witchcraft during this time. I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! Throughout the ages, people repeatedly use witch hunts as a method for dealing with issues that are widespread. But Tituba recanted her confession, and Parris never paid the fine, presumably in retaliation for her recantation. One interesting connection would be to teach the play along with a film that is very much about McCarthyismJohn Frankenheimer's The Manchurian Candidate (1962). To every guy out there today whose greatest concern is being falsely accused, youve been manipulated by a frustrated playwright into genuinely believing that being callous and abusive with women dont have consequences. In the final analysis, the witch-hunt was nothing more than an eruption of the tensions and fears which had been repressed by a society which believed that suffering was a virtue and that the expression of one's dissatisfaction with one's lot was a sin. Many critics described Death of a Salesman as the first great American tragedy, and Miller gained an associated eminence as a man who understood the deep essence of the United States. A crucible can mean either an instrument of heating or a severe trial. Conventional wisdom has it that mankind has evolved so far that the idea of targeting innocents is no longer an issue; however, Senator McCarthy and targeting of innocent Muslims after 9/11 remind us that witch hunts still exists in modern times. Sometimes this magic was believed to work through simple causation as a form of technology. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Essential Quotes by Character: John Proctor, Critical Context (Masterplots II: Juvenile & Young Adult Literature Series), Critical Context (Comprehensive Guide to Drama). By Katie BrownCurrent PhD Biblical Studies, BA Classics and ReligionKatie is a postgraduate research student in Trinity College Dublin, where she also received her Bachelor's Degree in Classical Civilisation and World Religions and Theology. Cotton Mathers account of the witch trials reinforced colonial New Englanders view of themselves as a chosen generation of men. In essence, these infamous witch hunts took place because people came to believe that witches conspired to destroy and uproot decent Christian society. In 1689 Parris was formally called as the minister, given a full deed to the parsonage, and the Salem Village church charter was signed. In the spring of 1692, two young girls from a seemingly inconsequential village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony began to display increasingly disturbing behavior, claiming strange visions and experiencing fits. Tituba and The Salem Witch Trials of 1692. . For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as Latest answer posted November 22, 2020 at 12:05:25 PM, In The Crucible, explain what Elizabeth means when she says, "He have his goodness now, God forbid I take it from him. It drew upon preexisting rivalries and disputes within the rapidly growing Massachusetts port town: between urban and rural residents; between wealthier commercial merchants and subsistence-oriented farmers; between Congregationalists and other religious denominationsAnglicans, Baptists, and Quakers; and between American Indians and Englishmen on the frontier. Tituba, also known as Tituba Indian, was an enslaved person and servant whose birth and death dates are unknown. Throughout the story people accuse others of being witches or being involved with witchcraft so they could be hanged. How does Abigail turn the court against Mary Warren in The Crucible? These beliefs changed drastically, however, towards the end of the Middle Ages, as witchcraft came to be associated with heresy. The process began with suspicions and, occasionally, continued through rumours and accusations to convictions. A witch hunt is seen as an intensive effort to discover and expose disloyalty, subversion, dishonesty, or the like, usually based on slight, doubtful, or irrelevant evidence. Miller cites the reason for the witch-hunts to be "a preserve of manifestation of the panic which set among all classes when the balance began to turn toward greater individual freedom" and "a long overdue opportunity for everyone so inclined to express publicly his guilt and sins." What does the overture imply about human nature? George Burroughs and the Salem Witch Trials, Mary Easty: Hanged as a Witch in Salem, 1692, M.Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School. In about 1689, Tituba and John Indian seem to have married. Witch hunts Cotton Mather, a prolific author and well-known preacher, wrote this account in 1693, a year after the trials ended. Malleus Maleficarum, first published in 1487 by Heinrich Kramer, was a major influence on this attitude shift. When a local doctor diagnosed the girls as suffering from the malevolent effects of the supernatural, they set in motion a series of events that would irrevocably alter the course of American cultural, judicial, and political history.

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